Lesson 67: Westward Movement

     In the mid-19th century people began to move west where they would become farmers and plant many crops to make a lot of money.
 The first pioneers were poor and did not have great possessions, but as westward movement became more popular more fortunate people began to move as well.

 The west became a successful place for making a profit.
Land would be sold to people moving, new inventions needed for cultivating the land were created and sold, and the crops planted by farmers would be sold to the South.

Lesson 66: The Effects of Industry

     Between 1820 and 1850 America was becoming heavily industrialized in the northeast.
American factories employed nearly 140,000 people.
 The Industrial Revolution made America more self-sufficient and less reliable on foreign goods.

Industry also required more places to build factories and more cities for people who worked in the factories to live in.
 Because America became more industrialized, people had more time for recreational activities.
People went to plays and horse-races often.

I think that the growth of Industry has helped make life easier in America, but also, it has caused us to become more lazy, seeking entertainment rather than work.

Lesson 65: The Growth of Industry

      The Industrial Revolution was a time of advancement in technology  all around the world.
The British were advancing in industry during the eighteenth century but refused to share its production with anyone else.
They did not allow anyone to export or even describe their machinery.

 In 1789 the secrets were finally revealed when Samuel Slater left Britain in disguise with plans for the machine that could spin cotton thread.
 Because it took so much time to separate cotton fibers from seed , Eli Whitney invented the "cotton gin" which could separate them 50 times fast than doing it by hand.

Because of these inventions, more land would be cleared to plant cotton so it could be processed and sold.
 These are only a few of the inventions that began the Industrial Revolution in America.

Lesson 64: The Growth of America

     After Napoleon was defeated in 1815 immigration increased in America.
 Because of the great amounts of people coming to the U.S. the New York legislature turned the southern tip of Manhattan into a receiving center for the immigrants.
 Most of the immigrants were from Ireland and Germany. They couldn't afford to buy land in the West so they stayed in the east cities.
 Times were hard for the Irish for a long time until they began to get a hold of small properties, they eventually came to control the police force in New York.
 Later the constitutions were revised to allow all white men positions in America.

Lesson 63: The Monroe Doctrine

     In 1814 the rulers of Europe formed an alliance to destroy that democracy threatened their rule.
 The Holy Alliance, consisting of Russia, Austria, Prussia, and France began to put down rebellions in Europe and restore monarchs to their thrones.
 Rumors started forming about the Alliance coming to the revolted Spanish colonies in South America to restore power there to.

 In response, England wished to join with the United States and stop any attacks on Southern America.
The Secretary of State, John Adams realized that this would not be good for the U.S. and advised the president against it.
 Form this came the "Monroe Doctrine" which stated that the Americas were no longer up for colonization and that the  powers in control of the territories should be respected.  Also, it stated that the U.S. would not interfere with the other European colonies and that any attempts by Europe to extend their power to the Western Hemisphere would be seen as a threat.

Lesson 62: John Marshall

     John Marshall was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and believed in a strong central government.
When the Georgia legislature sold a great amount of land in Mississippi for an unfair price and recalled it a year later, the case was taken to the Supreme Court.

Marshall said that the original sale was valid whether or not it was fair. In doing this he established the Supreme Court's power to override state laws that went against the Constitution.

Lesson 61: The Missouri Compromise

     Slavery became popular in the southern states of the U.S.  and the slaves became extremely important to their economy.
 When the state of Missouri requested to become a slave state, it became another subject of controversy in Congress.
Northern states believed that making Missouri a slave state would upset the balance of representation in Congress.
 The Missouri Compromise was created to end the argument by making Missouri a slave state and separating Maine from Massachusetts and making it a free state.
 This compromise did avoid the issue of slavery but it was not resolved.

Lesson 60: The Era of Good Feelings

When James Monroe was elected president of the United States, an "an era of good feelings" seemed to follow. 

Things were going well until the Panic of 1819 when the country fell into a depression and left many people unemployed.

The Era of good Feelings seemed to suddenly fade, but even in this time good things came about.

 Protective tariffs were created to boost the economy and keep manufacturing up and running, and America eventually regained it's stability. 

Lesson 59: The War

When the War of 1812 broke out,  America was not very well prepared and was losing until around 1813 when they became battle-hardened and gained a victory over Britain at Lake Erie.
 A year later, the British formed a plan to end the war once and for all by sending in a force of 11,000 soldiers to attack and destroy where-ever they went. They even burned the White House down.

Eventually the British began to lose more and more battles and signed a peace treaty on the Christmas Eve of 1814.
 The war ended in a draw, the fighting was halted, and conquered land was returned to both sides

Lesson 58: Election of Madison

After Thomas Jefferson stepped down from presidency James Madison was elected to fill his place.
 He came to office during a hard time in which France and England were at war and America economy was failing.
Madison opened up trade towards France and England if they would revoke their sanctions America.
 France revoked it's sanctions, but this was just a ways to make America it's ally in their war so that Napoleon wouldn't have to risk his own forces against England.
 Americans in the west accused the British of working with the natives who were attacking them.
 When the Americans fought back though, they only caused the Indians and the British to form an alliance for real.
 Later on, president Madison asked Congress to declare war on England and after two weeks of debate, they approved.

Lesson 57: Jefferson's Embargo

After the revolution,  nations in the Mediterranean began to tax American cargo vessels for passing through their waters.
 In 1801 the leader of Tripoli demanded higher payments for passage.
Jefferson refused to do pay anything and Tripoli declared war on America.
At the same time, there was a renewed war between England and France.
 American ships in the area were caught in the middle of the new war and were being captured as spoils of war by both France and England.
 Because of this, Jefferson convinced Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807 which stopped the exportation of American goods to other countries.
He hoped to make France and England work with America for their benefit, but the two warring countries just got their products from other countries.
 The Act only made it harder on America, and had to be repealed so trade could be re-established with other countries.

Lesson 56: Marbury v. Madison

When president John Adams passed the Judiciary Act of 1801, which created 16 new Federalist judges, the Republican party was outraged. They claimed that it was against the people's will.
 When James Madison, the Secretary of State would not bring a commission to one of the newly appointed judges, William Marbury, he was sued, and the case was brought to the Supreme Court.
 The Chief Justice, John Marshall said that Marbury deserved to get his commission but that the court had no power over the case.
 He later declared that the Supreme Court would have the power to determine the meaning of the Constitution and have power over the states.